In part-1 of this series we are focusing on drugs that are used for most common cancer types that are discussed in our most viewed piece "Clinical Diagnosis of Cancer or Cancers"
In our previous discussions, we showed how Oncofinder service introduced by Insilco Inc and Pathway Pharmaceutical helps in identification of chemotherapy drugs for patients on personalised basis. This se
rvice is accessible to patients and doctors. In addition we observed that in many cancer discussion forums there is a great confusion and anxiety about the use of correct chemotherapy.
Moreover, there were flooded with following questions:
 |
| Figure 1: Commonly diagnosed cancers. It shows estimated cases and deaths due to these cancers |
In our previous discussions, we showed how Oncofinder service introduced by Insilco Inc and Pathway Pharmaceutical helps in identification of chemotherapy drugs for patients on personalised basis. This se
rvice is accessible to patients and doctors. In addition we observed that in many cancer discussion forums there is a great confusion and anxiety about the use of correct chemotherapy.
Moreover, there were flooded with following questions:
a) What type chemotherapy to be used for breast cancer, pancreatic cancer etc.?
b) If "A" molecule worked for a specific person will it work in my case?
c) What are the specific side effect or toxicity of drug?
 |
| Figure 2: Word Cloud for Chemotherapy Drugs |
e) What are the new drugs introduced for cancer therapy?
To answer all these questions we have compiled a list of drugs that are being used for most common type of cancers in table 1. Further, we have also linked it to reliable sources so that readers can cross refer to the authenticated links for more details about side effects and pharmacology of the drugs used. Readers can also click on cancer types to locate the details of the therapies recommended for cancer type.
Most commonly seen side effects of chemotherapy are
a) Weight loss
b) Gastrointestinal abnormalities like diarrhoea and constipation
c) Hair loss
d) Severe muscles fatigue
e) Nausea and vomiting
f) loss of appetite
g) Rashes
In addition to this there are some serious and less common toxicities for specific drugs. We have listed them in the table 1. Readers can also cross check them by clicking on the drug type.
Most commonly seen side effects of chemotherapy are
a) Weight loss
b) Gastrointestinal abnormalities like diarrhoea and constipation
c) Hair loss
d) Severe muscles fatigue
e) Nausea and vomiting
f) loss of appetite
g) Rashes
In addition to this there are some serious and less common toxicities for specific drugs. We have listed them in the table 1. Readers can also cross check them by clicking on the drug type.
Table 1: Chemotherapy Drug and Its Side Effects
| Cancer | Chemotherapy Molecules/ Drugs | Severe Side Effects |
|---|---|---|
| Bladder | Fluorouracil (5-FU) | Cardiovascular problems |
| Mitomycin | Pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome | |
| Cisplatin | Peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage) | |
| Carboplatin | Peripheral neuropathy, central toxicity, hearing loss, infection | |
| Docetaxel | Pain and buring sensation in hand and feet, sensitivity to cold and heat | |
| Doxorubicin | Weaknening of heart muscles causing decrease in blood pumping capacity | |
| Vinblastin | ||
| Ifosfamide (Ifex ®) | Neurotoxicity and there is a risk of developing leukemia | |
| Permetrexed (ALIMTA ®) | Low blood platelet count, flu like symptoms, depression, increase in blood creatinine level | |
| Breast Cancer | Docetaxel ( Taxotere®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY |
| Paclitaxel | Peripheral neuropathy, allergic reactions, low blood counts, low blood pressure | |
| Cisplatin and Carboplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Vinorelbine | Muscle weakness | |
| Capecitabine (Xeloda®) | Elevated liver enzymes, hand and foot syndrome (Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia-PPE) | |
| Doxorubicin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Gemcitabine | flu like symptoms, fatigue, blood or protein in urine | |
| Mitoxantrone | Arrythmia, low blood pressure, blue/green discoloration of whites of eyes/ or urine for 1-2 days after treatment | |
| Ixabepilone | Peripheral neuropathy, weakness, joint pain | |
| Eribulin (Halaven ®) | Constipation, muscle pain | |
| Trastuzumab (Herceptin ®) | Infection, cold symptoms, body pain | |
| Pertuzumab (Perjeta™) | Decreased apetite, fever, muscle weakness, weight gain, upper respiratory track infection | |
| Colon Rectal Cancer | 5-FU | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY |
| Capecitabine (Xeloda®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Irinotecan (Camptosar®) | Heart burn, dehydration, head ache, flatulence | |
| Oxaliplatin | Peripheral neuropathy, diarrhea | |
| Trifluridin | Neuropathy | |
| Endometrial Cancer | Paclitaxel | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY |
| Carboplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Doxorubicin (Adriamycin ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Doxorubicin liposome (Doxil ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Cisplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Ifosfamide (Ifex ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | ||
| Kidney Cancer | Vinblastine | Fever,extreme fatigue, black or tarry stools, chest pain, presistant headache, urinary retention |
| Floxuridine | Stomach ulcers, elevated liver enzyme, PPE, yellowing of skin and eyes | |
| 5-FU | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Capecitabine | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Gemcitabine | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Interferone alpha (Intron® A, Roferon®-A ) | Flu like symptoms, fatigue and low blood counts, injection site reaction, liver damage | |
| Nivolumab (Opdivo) | Lymphocytopenia, low sodium, potassium, magnesium levels, shortness of breath, pneumonia, | |
| Interleukin 2 (IL-2) | Extreme fatigue, low BP, kidney damage, heart attacks, intestinal bleeding, rapid heart beat | |
| Soforanib (Nexavar ®) | PPE, high BP, bleeding, increased heart rate, shortness of breath | |
| Sunitinib (Sutent ®) | Heart burn, hypertesnsion, increased liver enzyme | |
| Temsirolimus (Torisel ®) | Hyperglycemia, increased cholesterol levels, increased liver enzymes, black tarry stools, constipation | |
| Everolimus (Afinitor ®) | Anemia, increased cholesterol and triglycerides, black tarry stools | |
| Bevacizumab (Avastin ®) | Upper respiratory track infection, proteinuria, gastrointestinal perforations, fistula, hemorrhage, congestive heart failure | |
| Pazopanib (Votrient ®) | Hypertension, elevated liver enzymes, bilirubin, extreme fatigue | |
| Axitinib (Iniyta ®) | High bloood pressure, kidney disfunction | |
| Leukemia (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) | Fludarabine (Fludara ®) | Increased risk of infection |
| Pentostatin (Nipent ®) | Easy bruising or bleeding | |
| Cladribine (2-CdA, Leustatin ®) | Fatigue | |
| Chlorambucil (Leukeran ®) | Tumor lysis syndrome | |
| Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan ®) | Loss of fertility, discoloration of nails | |
| Rituximab (Rituxan ®) | Pharyngitis | |
| Bendamustine (Treanda ®) | Infertiliy, yellow of skin or eyes | |
| Prednisone | Increased apetite, insomnia, heartburn, muscle weakness | |
| Methylprednisolone | Almost similar to prednisone | |
| Dexamethasone | Almost similar to prednisone | |
| Doxorubicin (Adriamycin ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Methotrexate | Alopecia, skin photosensitivity, kidney toxicity | |
| Oxaloplatin | Peripheral neuropathy | |
| Vincristine (Oncovin ®) | Abdominal cramps, peripheral neuropathy, severe abdominal pain, constipation | |
| Etoposide (VP-16) | Menopause, loss of fertility, peripheral neuropathy | |
| Cytarabine (ara-C) | Skin Rash, blurred visions, dry eyes heart palpitations, chest pain, difficulty to pass urine | |
| Leukemia (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) | Vincristine (Oncovin ®) or Liposomal vincristine (Marqibo ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY |
| Daunorubicin (Daunomycin or Cerubidine ®) or Doxorubicin (Adriamycin ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Cytarabine (Cytocine arabinoside, ara-C or Cytosar ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| L-asparaginase (Elspar ®) or PEG-L-asparaginase (pegaspargase or Oncaspar ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Etoposide (VP-16) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Teniposide (Vumon ®) | Infection, shortness of breath, swelling of facial features, rapid heart beat | |
| 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP or Purinethol ®) | Losss of fertility, hyperpigmentation | |
| Methotrexate | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Prednisone | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Dexamethasone (Decadrone ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | ||
| Leukemia (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia) | Hydroxy urea (hydroxycarbamate, Hydrea ®) | Discoloration of skin and nails, fertiilty may be affected |
| Cytarabine (Ara-C) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Imatinib (Gleevec ®) | Risk of anemia, hemorrhage, heartburn, fertiility may be affected, elevation of transaminase, bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase | |
| Busulfan | Lung Damage | |
| Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Vincristin (Oncovin ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Omacetaxine (Synribo ®) | Thromocyteopenia, neutropenia, kidney problems, fever | |
| Non Small Cell Lung Cancer | Cisplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY |
| Carboplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Paclitaxel (Taxol ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Albumin- bound Paclitaxel (nab-Paclitaxel, Abraxane ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Docetaxel (Taxotere ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Gemcitabine (Gemzar ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Vinorelbine (Navelbine ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Irinotecan (Camptosar ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Etoposide (VP- 16 ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Vinblastine | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Pemetrexed (Alimta ®) | Anemia, increased risk of infection, flu like symptoms, fertility problems | |
| Bevacizumab (Avastine ®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Cetuximab (Erbitux ®) | Hypersenstivity reactions like shortness of breath, difficulty breathing | |
| Melanoma Cancer | Dacarbazine (also called DTIC) | Slight risk of leukemia, fever, low blood counts leading to increased the risk of anemia |
| Temozolomide | Central neurotoxicity, edema, shortness of breath and other allergic reactions | |
| Nab-paclitaxel | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Paclitaxel | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Carmustine (also known as BCNU) | Anemia, low blood pressure, retinal bleeding, pulmonary toxicity, slight risk of blood cancer in long run | |
| Cisplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Carboplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Vinblastine | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Non Hodgkin Lymphoma | Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY |
| Chlorambucil | Risk of infection, anemia, leukemia, infertility, pulmonary toxicity | |
| Bendamustine (Treanda®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Ifosfamide (Ifex®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Prednisone | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Dexamethasone (Decadron®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Cisplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Carboplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Oxaliplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Fludarabine (Fludara®) | Lung problems, infections, anemia | |
| Pentostatin (Nipent®) | Muscle ache, itching, cough, anorexia, upper respiratory track infection | |
| Cladribine (2-CdA, Leustatin®) | Anemia, myelosuppression, neutropenic fever | |
| Cytarabine (ara-C) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Gemcitabine (Gemzar®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Methotrexate | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Pralatrexate (Folotyn®) | Decreased white blood cells, elevated liver enzyme, abdominal pain, upper respiratory track infection, shortness breath | |
| Pancreatic Cancer | Gemcitabine (Gemzar®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY |
| 5-FU | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Irinotecan (Camptosar®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Albumin-bound paclitaxel (Abraxane®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Capecitabine (Xeloda®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Cisplatin | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Paclitaxel (Taxol®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Docetaxel (Taxotere®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Irinotecan liposome (Onivyde®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Erlotinib (Tarceva®) | Shortness of breath, coughing, infection, eye irritation | |
| Octreotide (Sandostatin®) | Flu like syndrome, abdominal pain, constipation, flu-like syndrome | |
| Lanreotide (Somatuline® Depot), | Anemia, effects blood sugar levels | |
| Prostate Cancer | Docetaxel (Taxotere®) | Allergic reactions and peripheral neuropathy |
| Cabazitaxel (Jevtana®) | Allergic reactions and peripheral neuropathy | |
| Mitoxantrone (Novantrone®) | Can cause leukemia several years later | |
| Estramustine (Emcyt®) | Increased risk of blood clot formation | |
| Doxorubicin (Adriamycin®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Etoposide (VP-16) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Vinblastine (Velban®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Paclitaxel (Taxol®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Carboplatin (Paraplatin®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Vinorelbine (Navelbine®) | DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY | |
| Thyroid Cancer | Tositumomab and Radioactive Iodine (RAI) (Bexxar ®) | Low blood pressure, cough, soar throat, hyopthyrodism, aches and pain |
| thyroid hormone (levothyroxine) pills | Extreme fatigue, chest pain, eye pain, dizziness |
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